The Art Looting Investigation Unit (ALIU) was a special intelligence unit during World War II whose mission was to gather information and write reports about Nazi art looting networks. Composed of only a few handpicked men, the small unit conducted interrogations and investigations in Europe starting in 1944 and focusing mainly on Germany, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy, Spain and Portugal. Their mission was different from but related to that of the Monuments Men. After the war, the reports the ALIU wrote were marked secret and forgotten for many years until the late 1990s when they began to be declassified . The reports remain an important source for research into the history of the origin of works of art (provenance research) and for the restitution of looted art from the Nazi era.

Creation of the ALIU

Justice

Owen J. Roberts Owen Josephus Roberts (May 2, 1875 – May 17, 1955) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1930 to 1945. He also led two Roberts Commissions, the first of which investigated the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the seco ...

, who was chairman of the American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas-( The Roberts Commission), initiated the creation of the ALIU to support both the Roberts Commission and the

Monuments Men A monument is a type of structure that was explicitly created to commemorate a person or event, or which has become relevant to a social group as a part of their remembrance of historic times or cultural heritage, due to its artistic, hist ...

in the immense task of recovering and restituting artworks looted by the Nazis. . Administratively the ALIU belonged to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), which was headed by Brig. Gen.

William J. Donovan William Joseph "Wild Bill" Donovan (January 1, 1883 – February 8, 1959) was an American soldier, lawyer, intelligence officer and diplomat, best known for serving as the head of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the precursor to the Bur ...

. It was officially authorized on November 21, 1944. Its official mission was described as follows:

''It will be the primary mission of the Art Looting Investigation Unit to collect and disseminate such information bearing on the looting, confiscation and transfer by the enemy of art properties in Europe, and on individuals or organizations involved in such operations or transactions, as will be of direct aid to the United States agencies empowered to effect restitution of such properties and prosecution of war criminals.''

The mission of the ALIU intersected with that of other intelligence and militatry organisations that tracked Nazi assets and money and asset laundering networks of the Third Reich and its client states.

ALIU members

The director of the

Metropolitan Museum of Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York City, colloquially "the Met", is the largest art museum in the Americas. Its permanent collection contains over two million works, divided among 17 curatorial departments. The main building at 1000 ...

Francis Henry Taylor Francis Henry Taylor (1903–1957) was a distinguished American museum director and curator, who served as the director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art for fifteen years. He was born in Philadelphia, and started his career as a curator at the ...

, was requested by the Roberts Commission to select art professionals to staff the Art Looting Investigation Unit. Taylor recruited Theodore Rousseau, S. Lane Faison, James Plaut, Charles Sawyer, and John Phillips. Otto Wittmann Jr. joined later. James S. Plaut was named director. The ALIU also worked closely with local professionals, most notably Dutch Army Intelligence officer Captain Jan Vlug, who would author the Vlug Report. Rousseau was responsible for investigating the Goering Collection. Faison was in charged of investigated Hitler's planned Fuhremuseum at Linz, Austria and Plaut investigated the Nazi looting organisation known as the

Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg The Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce (german: Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg or ''ERR'') was a Nazi Party organization dedicated to appropriating cultural property during the Second World War. It was led by the chief ideologue of the Nazi Par ...

(ERR), the Nazi looting organization. The ALIU also helped investigate war crimes for prosecution. From June 10, 1945 until the spring of 1946, the ALIU conducted interrogations at Alt Aussee, Austria.

ALIU reports

The ALIU compiled information on over 2,000 individuals believed to have participated in art looting and drafted three sets of reports: Detailed Intelligence Reports (DIR), Consolidated Interrogation Reports (CIR), and Final Report which contained a list of "Red Flag" names with brief summaries, accmpanied by an index. The authors of the reports were James Plaut, Theodore Rousseau, Lane Faison, Jan Vlug (Vlug report), Otto Wittmann, Jr. and Bernard Taper.

Detailed Intelligence Reports

** No. 1 ''

Heinrich Hoffman Heinrich Hoffman was born on December 23, 1836. He served in the American Civil War, and was a Medal of Honor Recipient. He served as a Corporal in the Union Army in Company M, 2nd Ohio Cavalry. He received the Medal of Honor for action on April ...

'', July 1945 (6 pp) ** No. 2 '' Ernst Buchner'', July 1945 (34 pp) ** No. 3 ''Robert Scholz'', August 1945 (5 pp) ** No. 4 ''

Gustav Rochlitz Gustav Rochlitz (1889–1972) was a German art dealer of Paris and Baden-Baden who was a key figure in the looting of art during the Second World War by the Nazis. He acted as an official agent of the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg.Harclerode, ...

'', August 1945 (13 pp) ** No. 5 '' Gunther Schiedlausky'', August 1945 (4 pp) ** No. 6 '' Bruno Lohse'', August 1945 (15 pp) ** No. 7 ''Gisela Limberger'', September 1945 (5 pp) ** No. 9 '' Walter Andreas Hofer'', September 1945 (20 pp) ** No. 10 ''Karl Kress'', August 1945 (3 pp) ** No. 11 '' Walter Bornheim'', September 1945 (ca. 30 pp) ** No. 12 '' Herman Voss'', September 1945 (28 pp) ** No. 13 ''

Karl Haberstock Karl Haberstock (born 19 June 1878 in Augsburg; died 6 September 1956 in Munich) was a Berlin art dealer who trafficked in Nazi-looted art. Haberstock's name appears 60 times in the Art Looting Investigation Unit (ALIU) Reports 1945–1946 and ...

'', May 1946 (5 pp)

Consolidated Interrogation Reports (CIR).

* No. 1 ''Activity of The Einsatzstab Rosenberg in France'', August 1945 (57 pp and ca. 50 pp of appendices) * No. 2 ''The Goering Collection'', September 1945 (176 pp and ca. 150 pp of appendices) * No. 4 ''Linz: Hitler's Museum and Library'', December 1945 (87 pp and ca. 200 pp of appendices)

Final Report

The Final Report contains an index of about one thousand "Red Flag Names". It was classified secret until the late 20th century. It is now available both online and on NARA Microfilm Publications M1782, Roll 1, and M1944, Roll 22. DIRs are available on NARA Microfilm Publications M1782, Roll 1, and M1944, Roll 94 or in a digital form. CIRs are available on NARA Microfilm Publications M1782, Roll 1, and M1944, Rolls 94–95. M1944 also includes records relating to the American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas (The Roberts Commission) 1943-1946.

Unpublished reports

According to the National Archives, DIR No. 8 on Kajetan Muehlmann was not issued. DIR No.14 on the activities of Maria Dietrich was planned. It was not issued, but a full accounting of her activities was incorporated into Consolidated Interrogation Report No. 4. Also, a DIR No. 15 on Rose Bauer, Muehlmann's secretary, was contemplated but not issued. CIR No. 3 on German methods of acquisition was planned but not issued. The Vlug report on Nazi looting in the Netherlands was also not issued.

Literature

* Tanja Bernsau:'' Spione für den Kulturgüterschutz – Die Art Looting Investigation Unit'', Akademiker-Verlag, 2016, . * Art Looting Investigation Unit: '' ALIU Reports 1945-1946'', National Archives (NARA) Fold3 WWII OSS Art Looting Investigation Reports, https://www.fold3.com/browse/114/hvMxROzkd.

References

{{Reflist Art and cultural repatriation Intelligence Corps officers Intelligence services of World War II Nazi-looted art